![]() Dozens of villages were destroyed and many inhabitants driven from their homes. It is estimated that between 19 some 15,000 people were killed, the great majority of them Kurdish civilians. By 1993 the total number of security forces involved in the struggle in southeastern Turkey was about 200,000, and the conflict had become the largest civil war in the Middle East. The main government effort remained the military suppression of the uprising martial law was imposed in Kurdish areas, and increasing numbers of troops and security forces were committed to the task. ![]() The establishment of Kurdish political parties, however, remained forbidden. Turkish governments sought to deal with the Kurdish problem by granting cultural concessions in 1991 and limited autonomy in 1993. and British forces-provided new bases for PKK operations. From 1991 the existence of so-called safe havens in Iraqi Kurdistan-established following the Persian Gulf War (1990–91) and protected by U.S. The PKK received support from Syria and from Kurds living abroad and also acquired money through criminal activities. With between 5,000 and 10,000 armed fighters, the PKK directed attacks against government property, government officials, Turks living in the Kurdish regions, Kurds accused of collaborating with the government, foreigners, and Turkish diplomatic missions abroad. The PKK sought an independent Kurdish state or, possibly, full Kurdish autonomy. The PKK, a leftist group founded in 1978, initiated violent attacks in the late 1970s before launching its armed campaign against the state in 1984 from bases in Iraq. The most important of these groups was the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan PKK), led by Abdullah Öcalan. Several groups emerged, espousing demands ranging from freedom of cultural expression to outright independence some turned to violence to advance their cause. After 1980, however, the disturbances took on a specifically Kurdish character. Following major social changes associated with the commercialization of agriculture since the 1950s, there were outbreaks of violence in Kurdistan during the 1970s, generally linked with the activities of the revolutionary left. The public security situation also worsened, notably in the Kurdish provinces of the southeast. ![]() SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! ![]()
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